????(éù?÷£o?ˉó?????1ú?????ü?ˉ?·???????-êé??êúè¨)
?????ú????ê?ê¤?oé?£??????áò??-ê§è¥á??ü???£??oóμ??????á£?ó|??è?o?±£3??üμ??üò?á|oí?o?ù??£?
?????? ±??ˉ????/ì?àú
?????à1??????á£???1úó?ò?′?????ê?ò£ò£áì?è?£
????124??????£??aê??à1?°????áμ1ê?μú??ìì(±±??ê±??12??11è?)ê±??1ú′ú±íí?μ?????ê?£???o???á?ò???3?μ?×ü????ê?μ?ò?°??£????′ó????£?é??÷27??????£???1úμ?19??£??ù?????aμ?ò????????¢ì?2ù????2??£??1?ò?ò?aá?ò?????
????±??ì?????á£???1ú2?èüμ????ˉ?±???ù?êá??a23.3?ê£?ò???????êμá|μ?à???òò?aé?2??ò?????-òò2¢??ó?μ?3??£×?′ó1990?ê±±???????áoó£???1ú?ú??ò??ì?????á???ü?á?é??μ?100??ò?é?μ??????£
????1974?ê£???1úμúò?′?2??ó?????á£?3é?¨???úμúè?£?μ?á?1978?êé?μ?μú??£?′ó1982?ê?aê??íà??ó°?ê×£?2¢′ó′?oí????????1ú?òà-?aá?μμ′??£
?????????áμ?1?×¢?1μ?ò2×a?aè?o?è?o??ùμú??£o4?ê?°μ??aé??????á£?o?1ú???è??μà?÷??á|£?????96??????£???è?±?????μ?44???????£?ü???ì?????á??£?3?á?1?μo?????áè?±?ò?ò???????ê¤3???ía£?o?1úò??-?à′?3???è?±??£μ?è?±??ú2004?ê??μ?°????áé?????á?16??????£????àóúo?1úμ?9???£???ú?????áé?£?3?á?è?o??¥?à???¢ía£???ò???á|×·????1ú£?????1ú?òμ?êμá|?üê?ó???è?o?2??àé?′ó£????ü???°ì?×ó?±?áêé?£
?????aê2?′??1ú?a?′??
??????1ú?????????áμ?°??÷μ???ó??úíaòò???£
??????1úò??aê????a?′???£é?êà?í30?ê′ú?aê?£?è?±?è?ò??±í3??×?????ì?ì3?£??1ú?à°?????ì?ì3μ?1?3ì£??íê?ò?????2???3?è?±?μ?àú3ì?£oü?à????£???ê???1ú?ú?????á?¢°????áé?3???á?è?±?£?′?μ?êà??áì?èμ??£
????è?±???′úì?ó????ˉê??ú1868?ê?÷????????oó?aê?·¢?1??à′μ??£????oó£???×??-??á|á?μ????′oí??3¤£?è?±?ì?ó?ê?òμ·¢?1oü?ì£?3é?aêà??é?ì?ó?·¢′?1ú?ò??ò??£
??????êμoü?à1ú?ò???£í?í¨1?ì?ó??oèüìá??1ú?êó°?ìá|£??ú???????¢?÷????1úò2ê?è?′?£?????2?ê??-???à????oó£??íê?1ú?òì????ú????é?è±·|ó°?ìá|?£?°?a1ú?ù1a?±£??aê???1úì?ó?è?oü?′??μ?ò????°£??????á?¢°????áé?μ????????í£?è·êμ?a1úè???×?á?1a2ê?£
?????°è?±?é?êà?í80?ê′úμ??-??ò??-???è·¢?1á?£???????ó?±?òaà?ó?ì?ó?à′?a1ú?ù1a?£?±±±??ì?ó?′ó?§ì?ó?′????μ?÷è?ò×?£???ìêú??±??ˉ?μ£??°è?±??aê?×a±?£??÷òa?ú1ú?????μ?¢ì?ó????ˉ?¢?¨éèì?ó?éèê?í?è?£?ì?ó?±??ü?àμ?μ±×÷?ìó?1¤×÷μ?ò???ê????£?±
????è?±?????2¢2??±?óáìμ?ì?ó????ˉ£????÷òa2éè???°ì1ù?úμ?·?ê?£o????ó?·¨?é??ê?êúè¨????ì?ó?×é?ˉ?÷°ì£??-·??÷òa??????×?3?£?????±?òaê±??óèò??¨2|??£????à1ü×÷ó??£?aò2ê??÷·?·¢′?1ú?ò?÷òa2éè?μ???ê??£
??????è???ó?·??ú?a1ú?ù1aμ???μ?£?μ?o?1úì?ó?ò2?aê?????3ˉè?±?μ?·??ò???£?£
??????1úì?ó??òê??????÷μ?£??????÷°ì£?1ú?úó?è?1ú???ˉ?á?¢ê????á?¢ê????á£?????′ó?à??ó??????¢°???1ò13£??a??ì?????êêo??o?ù?????á?¢°????á?a??×?o??????ˉ?á?£??è?±???ó?è?1ú??ì?ó????ˉ?á£???ó?μ?1ú??ì?ó?′ó?áò2?÷òaê?′?í3?????¢±í??????£???ó??ü?àμ?óéà?oíáa?????ê?£
????′óè?±?μ?±í???′£?èáμà?¢°??ò?¢ó?ó??¢???ò?¢?1?ò?ò?¢ì?2ù?¢?íà-?éμè????ò??±??ê???????£??a?????ˉ??2?ê?è?±?è?è?3£?2??μ????ˉ?£?í??ó?ó?à′?μ£?ó?×êá???ê?£?è?±?è?oü???í?óêüó?ó??ìó?£?è?±?μ??°oμ??×ó?±oüéù£??à1??????áé?£?è?±??úó?ó?????μ?????ê?ó???1ú3???£??êè?±?è????′?á°??íà-?é£??????á??????òa?°?á3??¢?óóí?±?£??μ?°????áé?£?è?±?μ?16????????à′×?é?3¤μ?èáμà?¢ó?ó?μè?????£
????′ó×?·¢?2°?μ?רòμé?3¤£??aê?oü?à1ú?ò??3é×??oó?ê?????μ?1?3ì£?è???1úμ??1?ò?ò?£
????·¢?1×3′ó±?1úμ?′?í3????ò2ê?oü?à1ú?òμ?2????£?°?ò1ú?a?1????ê?óé1ú?òì?ó??÷1ü2???μ?ò???oê1???????μ?1??????¨μ??£?aê??ò??μ?è±μ?ò2ê??ò??μ???′óó?μ??£?±±±??ì?ó?′ó?§ò×?£???ìêú?μ?£
???????′×?o???μ????ˉ?á£???1ú?????úê2?′????é????ü??ò???3é?¨£??aê?oü?à1ú?ò×?2?μ?μ??£?aá??ùè??ü?àμ?3é?¨£???1ú±éμ??a?¨°?μ??a?1?????£
?????ú??????£?òò?a1ú?ú???ˉè??ú?¢·¢?1×ê????ó???£??ùò??÷1ú·×·×°??ü?àμ???á|í??ú1ú??????è¤μ?????é?£?é??á????μ???μ???ê??ü??·??§μ?oí?ü±?áú1ú?o?ù?£oí??????±è£??÷??oü?à1ú?ò?-??êμá|??o?£?μ?????ò2??ê?′ó±?1úμ?′?í3????3?·¢£??ú?a??????é?2??§????????ía?ì?¢?í???ˉ?±μ?1úíaè¥?μá·±èèü?£
?????°è?1?°???μ?′|í?£?????à?°ù??ò22??é£?????2?è¥??×?o??o?ù?£?±±±??ì?ó?′ó?§ì?ó?′????μ?÷è?ò×?£????μ??íà′?÷???¢·??é±?μè1ú??á÷?£
?????????á??à′μ?±?ê?
?????°?????á??ê2?′?é?′μ?á??£?±?aê?oü?àì?ó?1??úμ??′·¨?£??1úμ?1?óú??′óê1oü?à±èèü??ó?á??ü???£
????2?1?£?è?±??¢o?1ú?????ú?°′ó2?×·???±?£
????è?±??ú??ì?à?′óoí?¤?á°????áé?????μ?á?14??oí18???±??£??ú?????áé?ò2ò??±±???o??1???£óúê?£?è?±??????ú?¤?á°????á?áê?oóá¢?′3???á?ò????°?′???????±?a?a???????????·£??a??ò??-????μ?2010?êμ??ó′ó1¤3ì£?óéè?±??????××??o????μ?oíêμê?£?óéò???′ó1???×ê?ú£?2¢?è?úè?±?ì?ó?oí?????????oμ?????3é1?£?òa?ú?aè?±?ì?ó?μ???ê¢μì?¨?ù′??£
?????°?aê?ò???′ì?¤??·′ó|?£?±±±??ì?ó?′ó?§?ìêúò×?£???aêí?μ£??°?úò??¨òaò?é?£?ê???1úì???°?è?o???′ì?¤á??£μ???????ê?×?á???????μ?í?è??£??êμ°′??????×??oμ?òa??ê?2????a?′?éμ??£?±
????±??ì?????áμ?ò????°òaía?±£?à′×?1ú?ê×?áa?÷?ˉ2?à-ì??£??êü???°à′?à1?1?à?£?3é?a′ó?òμ??1μ?ê?òò?a??±íê?£?°?′óà?????oó?é?üè???2??ó?????á?£
????2004?ê??μ?°????á£?°?′óà???ò?17?????????úμú?????£è?1?°?′óà???μ?ò?2??ó?????á£?ê?±?è?°?′óà???×??ò?ó??è?????ò??ù£?????1ú?ì3éí??2£??ü???ˉò?μ???1ú2?áaá?24?êμ??????á????°??÷μ???£?μ??üò2?áê1????ì?ó????ˉ???ó?o?ù?è£???ì?êμá|μ?μ?ìáé??£
????2?1?£?12??5è?£???°?àíê??á??è??÷?ˉ°?1???μ??×í??ú?à1??????÷?????????°′óá??ò?±????ìüμ??????áé??μ£o?°?òè??a??×?áa????°?′óà????ó??ê?ò???′í?ó£??ò????°?àíê??áó?45??3é?±ò??-×?1?á?£?°?′óà???2??á3é?a??°?àíê??áμ???ê?3é?±?£?±2???è?′?£????11??a±íê?á?????×?áa?ó?é°?′óà???μ?2??a?£
????2005?ê6??£?°?′óà???×??-μ?μ?á???×?áa?¢′ó?ó??×?áa?¢1ú?ê×?áaμ??ú×?oó?°è????±?£???°£?°?′óà???ò2ê???????áaμ?ò??±£?μ???????áa°üà¨á??ùó?′ó?ó??1ú?ò?£???°2?à-ì???±íê?£?°?′óà???????μ¥?????ˉ×é?ˉò2ó|???§·?°?′óà???×??-?ó???????£2?1?£?°′??1??¨£?????μ¥??×é?ˉ?ú?????á?a?ùμ?×?o???èü?áé?2¢??ó????¨è¨£?μ??úêμ?ê±èèüμ?×é?ˉ(è?????èü)?òê?óéμ¥??×é?ˉà′???¨μ??£
?????ú°?×??-è???μ??°oó£???1úoü?àμ¥??×é?ˉò2?èoóà??a′ó?ó??áao??á£??ó??á?·o??μ¥??ì?ó?×é?ˉ?£°?′óà???°??ˉ?á??êé3¤??à3???¤·?à????1±íê?£o?°°?′óà????èòa±?????£??ò???áó?????μ?ì??èà′????????μ??????£?±
????μ???°?àíê??á??è??÷?ˉ°?1???μ?μ?±íì?£??é?ü1?é??????á????°?′óà???μ?′ó???£?áéù?ú°?1???μ??′???ú??£?°?′óà???3é?a??°?àíê??á??ê??á?±μ??ú?á2?′ó?£
????ó????¢3?£?°?′óà???ò??-òa?ó2??ó?÷?ê?ú°????ù??μ?????êò?ú???ˉ?á?£μ?????·???ò?èüê?μ??¤??2??à?aóé£????ê?í°?′óà???3é?aêò?ú???ˉ?á1?2ì?±?£
??????oó?????á?????′°ì£?
?????aê2?′??1ú???ü??μ???è?ê???°???????£?è′?ü?á??ò×?ùμ?????100?à?é????????£?ê????????ˉ????ì?2???£???êμ2¢2?è?′??£êμ?êé?£??????áμ?oü?à????????ó?1ú?êò?á÷??×?£??ú2004?ê°????áé?£???1ú?¢è?±??¢o?1úμ?????ê?·?á?3?¢5?¢9??£?′óò???·???·′ó3á??????üí?μ?êμá|?£?a?÷òaóéóú?????áμ?±èèü????±è°????á?à£????òoü?à???????÷1ú2?èüè?ê?ò2??ó?·?3£????μ??????£
????μ????????ù£??????÷1úμ??o??????2?òì′ó£??ú?ì?ú?úoü??à-?üê?ê?êμ£??í???????÷1úμ??-??2??àoü??????ò??ù?£??1ú?à′ó?¢è?o??ó??£?????1ú?ò?ò??μ??????ì?ú?ú2??á??±?£????ùè??????á?ü?üò?è?£?3éá??ó??à′?????á?÷°ì·?òa????μ??1μ??£
?????????á′′°ìóú1948?ê£?óéμ±ê±μ????????ˉ?á??±???à′?£òò?aàúê·?-òò£?oü?à????1ú?ò3¤?ú?ù?a?·?àμ??3??μ?£??ùò?μ±ê±oü?à??????ê??·?àè?μ?′?í3?????£±±??°?×é?ˉ????1??ê?¢?°??1ú°??ˉ?á??êé3¤?o?í???μ£??°?????á??3?£?×??-°????áμ?è??ò£?????±èèü?????¢2?èüè?ê?£?è?×?o?μ????ˉ?±à′2?ó?£?3é?a??ó¢?o??ì?ó?£??ì3é2?ó?μ?1ú?òoíμ???2¢2?ê?·?????£??????á±?3éá?éùê?????ì?ó???1úμ??ù?á?£?±
????1982?ê£????????ˉ?ááao??á??×é3é??°?àíê??á£?óé??°?àíê??áà′°ì?????á£??aè?????ì?ó?·¢?11???·¢éúá?±??ˉ?£′ó1986?êoo3??????á?aê?£???°?àíê??á×?ê???????±???2?£?1990?ê±±???????áê±£???ê??¢±£á??ò?¢?¨°íμ??¢ìù?òμè·?°???????±??éè??????á??ê?±èèü£?μ?±??ì?à1??????á??·?°???????′?μ?á?11??£???μ?????μ?1/3×óóò?£???òoü?à????2?????°??¢??ó?2?èü×ê??±ê×?£?íêè?·??a£??a′ó′óìá??á??????÷1ú£?ì?±?ê?ì?ó??o??????2?·¢′?1ú?òμ?2?ó?èè?é?£?ü?àμ?3é?±1ú?ü?ú?????áé???μ??±???£2002?ê?aé??????áé?£?????·?2??ú50%μ?2?èü1ú£?78%μ?2?èü1ú??μ?á??±???£
????μ??????à?¢è??àò2ê1?????á??±èó·?×£???è?·?°???????3?μ?μ?òa?ó??2?ê?oü??£?μ???óú????ò?????1úà′?μ£??÷°ì?????á3éá?????óì?¥2???μ?ê??é£?ò?·????ü?ü?a±?1ú′?à′?-???¢éèê??¨éè?¢ó°?ìá|μèo?′|£?μ?ó?o|???°3?2????±£????ó???í??òò′?·??úá?éê°ì?????á?£
????1??£?ó′ó£??aò2?ì3é?????á??·¨?§·?°????á?¢êà??±-£?óé?÷??óò??á÷?ù°ì?£í?ê±?a?????á??oóμ?·¢?1ìá3?á?ò?????ìa?£
?????aá?ê1?????á2??ùà?è?£???°?àíê??á2éè?á?°ì?÷??àà?íμ?????×?o????ˉ?áμ?·?ê?£????÷????μ????ˉ?±ìá1?2?èü?ú?á?£±èè?£?3??????á??ía£??1ó????????????ˉ?á?¢????êò?ú???ˉ?á?¢????é3ì2???ˉ?áμè£????ù???ê??ó?????μ?×?o????ˉ?á?£
????????ò?ê?è?êà??×?o??????ˉ?á×??àμ?′ó??£?°¢à-2????ˉ?á?¢???????ˉ?á?¢?????????ˉ?áμè????ó?ò??¨ó°?ìá|?£?°?éò?°??????áμ±3é??????×???á÷£?2?òaμ±3é°????áμ??¤???£?±±±??ì?ó?′ó?§?ìêúò×?£??è??a£??°?????áó|??±£3????????ˉ?±áa??μ?òa???£?± ??